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| Thompson, Ian D; Canadian Forest Service; ian.thompson@nrcan.gc.ca; Guariguata, Manuel R.; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR); M.GUARIGUATA@CGIAR.ORG; Okabe, Kimiko; FFPRI Tsukuba; kimikook@ffpri.affrc.go.jp; Bahamondez, Carlos; INFOR Valdivia; cbahamon@infor.cl; Nasi, Robert; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR); r.nasi@cgiar.org; Heymell, Victoria; FAO Rome; Victoria.Heymell@fao.org; Sabogal, Cesar; FAO Rome; cesar.sabogal@fao.org. |
| Forest degradation is broadly defined as a reduction in the capacity of a forest to produce ecosystem services such as carbon storage and wood products as a result of anthropogenic and environmental changes. The main causes of degradation include unsustainable logging, agriculture, invasive species, fire, fuelwood gathering, and livestock grazing. Forest degradation is widespread and has become an important consideration in global policy processes that deal with biodiversity, climate change, and forest management. There is, however, no generally recognized way to identify a degraded forest because perceptions of forest degradation vary depending on the cause, the particular goods or services of interest, and the temporal and spatial scales considered.... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Synthesis |
Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Carbon; Criteria and indicators; Forest degradation; Forest management; Remote sensing. |
| Ano: 2013 |
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| van Noordwijk, Meine; World Agroforestry Centre ; M.Vannoordwijk@cgiar.org; Leimona, Beria; World Agroforestry Centre; Wageningen University and Research; LBeria@cgiar.org. |
| The term payments for environmental services (PES) has rapidly gained popularity, with its focus on market-based mechanisms for enhancing environmental services (ES). Current use of the term, however, covers a broad spectrum of interactions between ES suppliers and beneficiaries. A broader class of mechanisms pursues ES enhancement through compensation or rewards. Such mechanisms can be analyzed on the basis of how they meet four conditions: realistic, conditional, voluntary, and pro-poor. Based on our action research in Asia in the Rewarding Upland Poor for Environmental Services (RUPES) program since 2002, we examine three paradigms: commoditized ES (CES), compensation for opportunities skipped (COS), and co-investment in (environmental) stewardship... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports |
Palavras-chave: Asia; Boundary organizations; Criteria and indicators; Livelihood; Payment for environmental services; RUPES. |
| Ano: 2010 |
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